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taught has been exercised with respect to eight-seven subjects of instruction. The indirect method of state control, by a state department of education to whom important discretionary powers and duties are delegated, has been adopted in some measure by forty-six of the forty-eight states.

As measured by the frequency of prescription by the states, again as was the case with objectives, the subject of instruction required to be given by the greater number of states is "Hygiene and Health". "Temperance", "Effect of Narcotics", "Citizenship" or "Civics", "United States Constitution", "Moral Instruction", "Physical Education", and "Fire Prevention" follow in order of popularity. It is evident that the lawmakers have been insistent upon the teaching in the public secondary schools of those subjects which are presumed to contribute most directly to the health and safety, moral welfare, and good citizenship of the future workers, home makers, and voters of the nation.

CHAPTER IV

COURSES OF INSTRUCTION PERMITTED

In addition to prescribing by constitutional provisions or statutes a list of subjects that must be taught in the public secondary schools, the various states emphasize the importance of certain subjects by specifically authorizing instruction in the same.

The subject of instruction specifically authorized by the most states is agriculture, which is named by eighteen states.1 Sixteen states specifically authorize normal training courses in high schools. Eleven states mention industrial education; and ten other states permit manual training. Ten states give special permission to teach foreign languages. 5

Other subjects of instruction that are specifically authorized increase the number of subjects so permitted to a total of sixty-seven. The remaining subjects that are included in the present curricula of the secondary schools of the states are placed there under the general authority given to local, county, and state boards of education to provide educational opportunities.

Fourteen states specify that the Bible is not to be excluded from the public schools. Three of these fourteen states permit the reading of the Bible and repeating of the Lord's Prayer, but permit no comments or other religious service. Eight of the fourteen states that provide for the non-exclusion of the Bible from the schools attempt to safeguard its use by prohibiting the teaching of sectarianism in the public schools. Fourteen other states also prohibit sectarian instruction of any kind. Little is included in the statutes of the various states, as yet, relative to courses of study in public junior col

See key number 1217, Summary Chart VIII, post
See key number 1266, Summary Chart VIII, post
See key number 1257, Summary Chart VIII, post
See key number 1259, Summary Chart VIII, post
See key number 1243, Summary Chart VIII, post
See Key Code VIII, post

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leges. The school laws of California10 and Virginia11 contain a few prescriptions as to standards and amount of instruction to be provided in a standard junior college. In both states the curricula are to cover two years of collegiate work based upon graduation from a standard high school or its equivalent. In both states two periods of laboratory work are to be counted as equivalent to one hour of lecture or recitation work. The California statutes specifically authorize certain types of curricula:

"Junior colleges may provide courses of instruction designed
to prepare for higher institutions of learning; courses of
instruction designed to prepare persons for agricultural,
industrial, commercial, homemaking, and other vocations;
and such courses of instruction as may be deemed necessary
to provide for the civic and liberal education of the citizens
of the community."2

The following Key Code VIII and Summary Chart VIII indicate the states specifically authorizing instruction in the sixty-seven permissive subjects mentioned in the constitutions and statutes of the respective states.

10 Junior College Dists. Act, Sec. 9 pp. 268-9, 1921 School Law (California) 11Chap. 32, Code of Virginia, Sec. 3) (27) b, p. 18, 1920 School Law (Virginia) 12Sec. 9, p. 269, 1921, School Law (California)

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1263 Modern Language (2)*

1264 Morals (1)*

1266 Normal training (16)*

1235 Drawing (2)*

1236 Domestic Science (9)*

1237 Economics (1)*

1238 Education, Principles of (1)*

1239 English, business (1)*

1240 English, for foreigners (5)*

1241 English, higher branches (1)*

1242 Exhibits, school (Ind. exposition) (1)*

1243 Foreign languages (10)*

1244 French (1)*

1245 Geography (2)*

1265 Music (6)*

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* The figures in parentheses indicate the number of states having this provision.

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* The figures in parentheses indicate the number of states having this provision.

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