Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion Among the Atlantic Creoles

American Amsterdam appear Arends arrived assume Atlantic Baker Bickerton Brazil Brazilian brought Caribbean castle Cayenne century claim colonies Creole Creole languages creolization derived developed dialects discussion Djutongo Dutch early element emerged English established European evidence example existed explain fact French genesis Gold Coast Guinea historical Holm hypothesis important indicate influence interpretation island Jewish Jews John Kituba Kormantin Krio Ladhams language later least less lexical lexifier Lingua linguistic London Lower marker McWhorter means Note origin period Pernambuco Pidgin Pidgin and Creole plantations population Portuguese Portuguese Creole possible present Press question quoted reason referred restructured result Saramaccan settlement similar situation slaves Smith sources Spanish speak speakers spoken Sranan structure substrate sugar suggest Surinam term theory things trade University variety West African whites World