his own impressions. And, although obviously a great admirer of Carson, he nas not allowed himself to become blind to the man's faults. He has reproduced Kit as he was; hard on his enemies, true to his friends, quick on the trigger, uncultured, a squaw man, and fighting desperately for his ideals. Then he has followed Kit through his days as a freelance trapper, his period as a hunter for Bent's fort, his three marriages, his part in the Frémont expedition, his experiences as Indian agent, and his eventual commission in the United States Army. The reader will approve of most of his experiences and will be revolted at some others, but it is all glorious adventure and was all in the day's work for Kit Carson. When you have finished the book, you will know why he was the greatest of the frontiersmen, why he was respected by Indians and whites alike, and why he was made a general in the army. Not because Mr. Vestal tells you so, but because you have been given an opportunity to judge for yourself. The author has seen the futility of attempting to add to the drama of the Old West. He has stuck strictly to facts, and for excitement and thrills the truth about. Kit Carson cannot be improved upon. The end-papers of the book are in the form of a map of the country over which Kit Carson roamed and fought.

The biography of Rufus Choate by Mr. Fuess is the first one to be written about him which could be read by the average reader with any great enjoyment. His previous biographers have devoted themselves almost exclusively to the legal aspects of his career, and in so doing have neglected him as a personality. Mr. Fuess, sensing this need for a human-interest story of America's foremost lawyer and orator, has given us this intimate picture of Choate with all his idiosyncrasies and eccentricities. And he shows him to us in his more playful moments, when he would stem the flow of his powerful oratory to poke a little innocent fun at his adversary. The tragedy of Choate's career is that he was not identified with any cases of lasting importance, and therefore his speeches have not been preserved. He wanted simply to practice law and read; politics he avoided as much as possible, although he did serve one term as a Senator. A great deal of the book is, of necessity, given over to excerpts from his peeches and superficial details of his ases, which, although remarkable examles of rhetoric, are not of much interest b the average reader. The book, depite every effort on the part of Mr. Fuess, remains more or less specialized nd will appeal primarily to any one of he legal profession and to all students If oratory.

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The book by Herbert Mayes is the first biography of Horatio Alger, Jr., that has ever been written, and upon reading it one marvels that nobody has written one before. Every one knows Alger and yet, do they? To most people Alger is just a name the name of a man who wrote a lot of silly boys' books -and it will be with ever-widening eyes that these people will read the story of his life.

The present generation are familiar with his work by hearsay largely and consider it a great joke, but it is easy to see that this was not always the case. It is doubtful if any one man did more to inspire and influence the youth of the past generation than Horatio Alger. There has always seemed to be something unreal about Alger, at least to this reviewer, and it is with a feeling of great surprise that one learns, for example, that he was a graduate of Harvard College, that he studied for the ministry, that he was disappointed in love, that he never smoked or drank, and a host of other things. One learns that his writing was a pathetic effort to achieve real literature, that the morals in his stories. were really lay sermons, and that he lived with the newsboys of New York City because he craved friendship of almost any sort. One could not hope for a better biographer than Mr. Mayes. He has a delicate and whimsical humor which seems to be the best possible medium.in. which to introduce Alger to the public. He adopts a slightly patronizing air towards him, as though he were a rather unusual small boy he is showing off, and yet his attitude is tempered throughout with real sympathy and understanding. Alger is just plain "Horatio" to his biographer. The book is illustrated with photographic reproductions of the covers of some of Alger's books and the end-papers are in the form of a map of Manhattan, with several burlesque characters in their native haunts.

It would be extremely difficult to find a man who is more talked about and less understood at the present time than Mussolini. His activities are chronicled daily in the newspapers and the eyes of thinking people all over the world are centered upon him. And yet as an individual he has never really been introduced to the public.

His biographers heretofore have presented him merely as a machine, fighting for this or opposing that, and it has remained for Mr. De Fiori to present Mussolini, the man. Having been intimately associated with him during his vagabondage in Switzerland, his career as a Socialist, and his period as editor of "Il Popolo d'Italia," he is indeed well

qualified for this work. Through him we learn that Mussolini has an extremely ill temper which is evident on all occasions, and that he plays the violin and is extremely fond of music. One also senses the absolute recklessness and fearlessness of the man that have given him the power he now exerts in Italy. But, first and foremost, one learns, and without the slightest trace of propaganda, of Mussolini's sincere love of country and what his ideals stand for in Fascism. Mr. De Fiori's style is extremely interesting and makes very pleasant reading quite aside from the fact that the book should be read for the sake of the information contained in it if for no other. The book is illustrated with numerous photographs of Italy's Premier at various stages of his career.

"Black Majesty" is more in the nature of a novel than a biography in that it follows a strict narrative construction, allowing the principal character to stand out through sheer force of his dominating personality. It is the story of Henry Christophe, a Negro slave boy who, through a remarkable series of events and his own indomitable initiative, rises to the exalted position of King of Haiti. He is first imported to the island as a small boy and is obliged to suffer the ignominy of being bought by another black man. He works in his café and billiard parlor, and there picks up scraps of conversation let drop within his hear ing. Piecing this information together he is in a strong position when the blacks rise in organized revolt against the whites on the island. At the close of the insurrection he is appointed assistant to the black Governor, and is later instrumental in defeating an army which Napoleon Bonaparte sends over to conquer the island. Finally, after the death of the Governor, he succeeds to his posi tion, and later establishes himself a King, hoping to gain sufficient dignity in this way to command the respect of th European sovereigns. Mr. Vandercool has made of it a highly glamourous an dramatic story. There are some sligh historical inaccuracies, but one would b ungrateful indeed to complain of thes in the light of the heightened dramati effect of the story. The author ha caught the spirit of the exalted savag in his struggle for culture and powe and he senses his ambition to achiev greater things than any other Negro ha ever done and to leave behind him monument to his success. Every mi ute of his life from the slave days to h dramatic demise at his own hands rendered in exquisite prose, and the tex is admirably illustrated with color plate and head and tail pieces by Mahlo Blaine.

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If You Want Conversation, Say "Al Smith "

(Continued from page 573) professional politics. Southerners who will announce frankly that if Smith is named they will vote the Republican ticket are apparently, even in the present heat of the controversy, less numerous than Smith supporters and seem to be mainly confined to the staff organizations of such dry and ecclesiastical bodies as might be called the official opposition. One meets certainly a good many more who announce that when the Smith nomination is achieved they are through with politics for the year and will spend election day fishing. Again, there seems to be a fairly representative amount of opinion which, while anxious to carry its opposition up to the last ballot of the Convention, is disposed to accept Smith nominally as the party candidate if a two-thirds majority selects him without a too scandalous amount of log-rolling or engendering too much bitter feeling.

The task of the practical politicians, then, in the event of Governor Smith's choice, will be to bring enough of this lukewarm vote to the polls and to coax enough of the positively disgruntled out of their fishing resolution to produce, with the aid of the avowed pro-Smith minority, a Democratic poll greater than the normal Republican vote in the Southern States swelled by the extreme anti-Smith firebrands. In States like Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas, where the Republican vote, while normally impotent, is nevertheless considerably more than a cipher, success is by no means a foregone conclusion.

Even pro-Smith optimists admit it is largely a question of whether the State and local party organizations will do an unprecedented amount of election campaign work.

And on this point, too, there are differences of opinion both among laymen

Our Own Theatre List

(See page 585)

"Coquette," Maxine Elliott.-Comedy, tragedy; youth in a small Southern town; Helen Hayes and excellent cast; first choice for tears and humor.

"The Ivory Door," Charles Hopkins.-Fantasy; mediæval fairy tale, telling the truth about human nature; Henry Hull and good company; one of the best things in town. "Trial of Mary Dugan," National.-Mystery, murder, melodrama; circumstantial evidence turned inside out before your eye, convincingly acted; you won't move.

"The Royal Family," Selwyn.-Comedy; home hubbub of a family of famous theatrical stars; fairly well acted; so funny that it sometimes isn't real enough to be as good as it should be.

"The Shannons of Broadway," Martin Beck.Comedy, melodrama; vaudeville actors running a small-town hotel; James and Lucile Gleason; good hard-boiled sentiment and some music.

"The Queen's Husband," Playhouse.-Modern light comedy; royalty in a mythical kingdom; Roland Young; Sherwood's most subtle humor. "Marco Millions," Guild Theatre.-Satirical com. edy: O'Neill's beautiful spectacle of Marco Polo's trip to Venice and China; the immature West meeting the wisdom of the East. "Strange Interlude," John Golden.-A psychological novel put upon the stage; a new kind of drama; Tom Powers and Lynne Fontanne in O'Neill's finest.

and those who are supposed to know the last word about Southern Democratic politics. In two of the larger Southern States, I happen to know, the controlling politicians believe the latent strength of the party organizations can be brought out if there is a sufficient challenge from the Republicans and the anti-Smith diehards. Hence in these States elaborate precautions are being taken even by some ostensibly dry and anti-Smith leaders to make it possible for their delegations to swing eventually to Smith at Houston, on the theory that he may be elected and the South cannot afford to stay off the band-wagon longer than the last graceful minute. On the other hand, the same Governor who denounces Smith as a party traitor because of his superior vote-getting ability predicted to me that State and local leaders will not trouble to carry the Southern States for him in November. Mere Federal patronage and the prestige of National victory, he explained, will not tempt them to endanger more profitable, permanent places at the State and county political pie-counters by excess activity in favor of a candidate whom the rank and file of the voters regard at best as a calamitous disgrace to the party.

Whether he is right in his judgment or merely, like most parties to the Southern Smith controversy, reading into the situation what he wants to see, will appear in due time at Houston and afterward. Anyway, it is safe to say that whether the State party organizations rally to Smith or sabotage him, the section will learn considerably more about the devious ways of practical politics before Al Smith ceases to be the inevitable topic of Southern conversation.

THE OUTLOOK, April 18, 1928. Volume 148, Number 16. Published weekly by The Outlook Company at 120 East 16th Street, New York, N. Y. Subscription price $5.00 a year. Single copies 15 cents each. Foreign subscription to countries in the postal Union, $6.56. Entered as second-class matter, July 21, 1893, at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., and December 1, 1926, at the Post Office at Dunellen, N. J., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1928, by The Outlook Company.

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WE are not informed, at this writing, whether smiles in Chicago are news just now or whether Miss Banky, the movie actress, is so rarely pleasant that a genuine smile on her features is an extraordinary occurrence. But, in either event, she smiled the other day in the city of Chicago. And the telephone wires carried the smile instantly to New Yorkand a picture of it was flashed on the screen in the Embassy Theater, some nine hours later.

ONLY two hours, however, were required to receive the impressions for the ten feet of film. And this was ten times. faster than a mail train could have delivered the originals, and five times faster than even Lindbergh could have brought them by plane. So that a new triumph for science has been recorded—and another shudder is almost visible on the backs of people who still sigh for the "good old days." For the telephotograph method of sending motion pictures will be used chiefly to relay news reels of important events. And the day is probably not far away when the happenings of the world will flash on distant screens almost as soon as the event takes place. INDEED, it doesn't take much imagination to conceive of a day when newspapers, as we know them, will have completely disappeared. In their stead will be a picture frame by the telephone on which will flicker the news of the world, photographed as it happened, by news gatherers on every continent, digested and interpreted at stated intervals by editorial services which will use the printed word only for ideas, opinions, and explanations, and will compress the pictorial events of the day into the news reel of the evening.

WILL this be a good thing, or a bad thing? Frankly, we don't know. It may be that the more complicated existence becomes, and the harder all its compli cations are fired at us-radio, telephone, telegraph, news reel-the more confused humanity will grow, until progress becomes a whirling dance of death. But we should venture the opinion that if everybody in the world sees the next World War at first hand in the picture frame by the telephone, we might-for one thing-get around to ending wars. And from that standpoint, every step toward helping humanity to see things as they are, and quickly, is that much gained-even though today it only hap pens to be Miss Banky's smile.

Francis Profers Bellamy