English in the Caribbean : Variation, Style and Standards in Jamaica and Trinidad

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Cover; Half title; Series; Title; Copyright; Contents; Figures; Tables; Acknowledgements; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Variation, style and standards in Jamaica and Trinidad: introductory examples; 1.2 What is English in the Caribbean? Approaches to the Creole continuum; 1.3 Standards in English in the Caribbean; 1.4 Style in English in the Caribbean; 1.5 Aims and structure of the study; 2 The background and context of English in Jamaica and Trinidad; 2.1 The Creoles of Jamaica and Trinidad in the context of varieties of Caribbean English Creole. 2.1.1 The linguistic geography of the anglo-Creolophone Caribbean2.1.2 Selected morphological and syntactic features of Jamaican and Trinidadian Creole; 2.2 The historical background; 2.2.1 Historical aspects of language contact in the Caribbean; 2.2.2 Brief sketch of the linguistic histories of Jamaica and Trinidad5; 2.3 The social context; 2.4 The sociolinguistic context; 2.4.1 Language attitudes and language functions; 2.4.2 Language-in-education and language planning; 2.5 A note on Tobago; 3 The sociolinguistics of style and the Creole continuum. 3.1 Approaches to style in sociolinguistics3.2 Related research paradigms; 3.2.1 Sociolinguistic research on code-switching; 3.2.2 Corpus-based register studies; 3.3 Approaches to style in Caribbean Creole continua and related research; 4 Data and methodology; 4.1 Data; 4.2 Methodology; 5 Style in Jamaican English: analysis of conversations; 5.1 Quantitative analyses of morphological and syntactic variables; 5.1.1 Syntax of direct wh-questions4; 5.1.2 Copula forms; 5.1.3 Past marking; 5.1.4 Agreement marking on verbs28; 5.1.5 Main verb negation; 5.1.6 Noun morphology; 5.1.7 Pronoun morphology. 5.1.8 Summary5.2 Inter- and intratextual variation in ICE-Jamaica S1A-001 to 040; 5.2.1 Intertextual variation; 5.2.2 Intratextual variation; 5.2.3 Summary; 5.3 Discussion; 5.4 Conclusion; 6 Style and standard in Trinidadian English: analysis of four text categories; 6.1 Quantitative analyses of morphological and syntactic variables across four text categories; 6.1.1 Syntax of direct wh-questions; 6.1.2 Copula forms; 6.1.3 Past marking; 6.1.4 Agreement marking on verbs; 6.1.5 Main verb negation and negation in copula environments; 6.1.6 A note on does; 6.1.7 Noun morphology. 6.1.8 Pronoun morphology6.1.9 Summary; 6.2 Inter- and intratextual variation in four text categories; 6.2.1 Broadcast news; 6.2.2 Unscripted speeches; 6.2.3 Class lessons; 6.2.4 Conversations; 6.2.5 Summary; 6.3 Discussion; 6.4 Conclusion; 7 The modal verbs can/could and will/would in Caribbean and other varieties of English; 7.1 Background and previous research; 7.1.1 Caribbean varieties of English; 7.1.2 Other varieties of English; 7.2 Notes on methodology and data; 7.3 Can/could; 7.4 Will/would; 7.5 Conclusion; 8 Conclusion; 8.1 Variation, style and standards in English in the Caribbean