The professional counselor : a process guide to helping

1. The Context for Counseling. What is Counseling? Why Counseling? The Parameters of Counseling. Counseling and Theory Counseling and Philosophy Counseling and Culture Counseling Conditions and Their Effects. Case Illustration of Possible Counseling Outcomes. Characteristics of Effective Helpers. Self-Awareness and Understanding Good Psychological Health Sensitivity to and Understanding of Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Factors Open-mindedness Objectivity Competence Trustworthiness Interpersonal Attractiveness The Developmental Nature of Learning to Counsel. Summary. Exercises. Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 2. Stages and Skills of Counseling. Stages of Counseling. Establishing the Relationship Assessing the Problem Goal-Setting Initiating Interventions Termination and Follow-up Using the Stages to Plan for Counseling. Clients Experience in Counseling. Rapport and the Clients Experience Assessment and the Clients Experience Goal-Setting and the Clients Experience Interventions and the Clients Experience Termination and the Clients Experience Dependence and Growth Summary. Exercises. Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 3. Rapport and Relationship. Characteristics of an Effective Therapeutic Relationship. Empathy Genuineness Positive Regard Behaviors Associated with Empathy. Nonverbal Attentiveness Verbal Attentiveness Paraphrasing and Reflecting Client Messages. Paraphrasing Client Communication Reflecting Client Feelings Conditions that Convey Genuineness. Congruence Openness and Self-Disclosure Immediacy Conditions that Convey Positive Regard. Enhancing Responses Functions of a Therapeutic Relationship. Effects of Therapeutic Relationships on Clients. The Relationship Stage - The Case of Lenore. Children and the Counseling Relationship. Summary. Exercises. Feedback for Exercises Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 4. Assessing Client Problems. Purposes of Assessment. Components of Assessment. Intake or History Interviews Problem Definition Clinical Assessment with Children. Issues Related to Child Clinical Assessment Clinical Assessment with Couples and Families. Using Assessment Information. Skills Associated with Assessment. Clarifying Questions Open-ended Questions Closed Questions Effect of Assessment on Clients. The Intake Interview - The Case of Angela. Integration of Material from Intake Problem Definition Analysis Integration of Problem Definition with Treatment Planning. Summary. Exercises. Feedback for Exercises Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 5. Developing Counseling Goals. Functions of Counseling Goals. Parameters of Goal-Setting: Process and Outcome Goals. Three Elements of Good Outcome Goals. Obstacles in Developing Specific Goals. Skills Associated with Goal-Setting. The Confrontation The Ability-Potential Response Effects of Goal-Setting on Clients. Goal-Setting and Multicultural Issues. Client Participation in Goal-Setting. Resistance to Goal-Setting. Case Illustration of Goal-Setting. Summary. Exercises. Feedback for Exercises Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 6. Defining Strategies and Selecting Interventions. Theory and the Working Alliance. Worldview and the Working Alliance. Presenting Problems and the Working Alliance. Time and the Working Alliance. Identified Goals and the Working Alliance. Strategy Selection. Categories of Counseling Interventions. Case Illustration of Strategy and Interventions Selection. Defining a Counseling Strategy. Applicable Strategies Selecting Interventions Choosing the Right Strategy Strategies for Working with Children. Adapting Strategies to Multicultural Issues. Summary. Exercises. Feedback for Exercises Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 7. Affective Interventions. Theories that Stress the Importance of Feelings. Affective Interventions. The Goals of Affective Interventions Helping Clients Express Affect. Cultural Variables and Affect Expression. Nonverbal Affect Cues. Nonverbal Cues and Cultural Differences Verbal Affect Cues. Verbal Cues for Positive Affect Verbal Cues of Anger Verbal Cues of Fear Verbal Cues of Emotional Pain Helping Clients Sort Out Feelings. Emotions Checklist Emotional Percentages Chart Emotions Balloons Chart Focusing Techniques. Case Illustration of Focusing Helping Clients Integrate or Change Feeling States. Role Reversal Alter Ego The Empty Chair Dreamwork Body Work Therapy. Client Reactions to Affective Interventions. Summary. Exercises. Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 8. Cognitive Interventions. Goals of Cognitive Intervention. Culture and Cognitive Processes. The Analysis of Cognitive Problems. A-B-C-D Analysis. The Case of Marguerite Getting to the A, or Activating Event Getting at the C Getting at the Bs Disputing (D) the IBs Case Illustration of A-B-C-D Analysis. The Case of Yvonne Cognitive Disputation Behavioral Disputation Injunctions and Redecision Work. Case Illustration of Injunctions and Redecision Work. The Case of Marie Cognitive Restructuring. Introduction and Use of Coping Thoughts Shifting from Self-Defeating to Coping Thoughts Differences between RET and Cognitive Restructuring. Paradoxical Interventions. Reframing. Symptom Prescription. Resisting Therapeutic Change. The Case of Sue Positioning. A Final Point. Client Reactions to Cognitive Strategies. Summary. Exercises. Feedback for Exercises Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 9. Behavioral Interventions. Goals of Behavioral Interventions. Social Modeling. (in vivo) Modeling Symbolic Modeling Covert Modeling Characteristics of the Modeled Presentation Modeling and Self-Efficacy Desirable Characteristics of Models Role-Play and Behavior Reversal. Role-Play as a Method of Behavior Change Modeling, Rehearsal, and Feedback: Components of Skill Training. Case Illustration of Skill Training Anxiety Reduction Models. Relaxation Training Systematic Desensitization. Hierarchy Construction Eye Movement Desensitization. Case Illustration of Anxiety Reduction Self-Management. Using Self-Management Interventions Client Commitment to Self-Management Case Illustration of Self-Management Client Reactions to Behavioral Interventions. Summary. Exercises. Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 10. Systemic Interventions. Interpersonal Systems Thinking. Altering Communication Patterns. Communication Skill-Building. Role-Playing Negotiation and Conflict Management Altering Family Structure. Joining with the Family Generating and Observing Interactions Recognizing Physical Alignments Using the Family Genogram Family Sculpture Case Illustration of Family Sculpture Diagnosing the Family Structure Identifying and Modifying Interactions Working with Families Strategically. Preparing for the Intervention Directives for Change Summary. Exercises. Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 11. Termination and Follow-Up. Termination Stage. Theoretical Determinants of Termination Pragmatic Determinants of Termination When Clients Initiate Termination. When the Counselor Terminates. Premature Termination. The Termination Report. Termination as a Process. Assessing Progress Summarizing Progress Generalizing Change Planning for Follow-up The Referral Process The Need to Refer Evaluating Potential Sources Coordinating the Transfer. Preparing the Client Communication with the Receiving Professional; Blocks to Termination. Client Resistance to Termination Counselor Resistance to Termination Case Illustration of Termination. First Session Fourth Session Seventh Session Ninth Session Tenth and Final Session Summary. Exercises. Discussion Questions. Recommended Readings. 12. Applying Counseling Skills to Unique Situations. Crisis Intervention. Nature of Crisis Stages of Crisis Intervention Skills Associated with Crisis Intervention Doing Crisis Intervention counseling Summary Consultation. Consultation Defined Models of Consultation Stages of Consultation Skills Associated with Consultation Cultural Differences in Consultation Summary Conflict Management and Resolution. Conflict Defined The Nature of Conflict Stages of Conflict Resolution Conflict Management as Prevention Skills Associated with Conflict Resolution Summary The Counselor and Unique Situations: A Postscript Recommended Readings. Bibliography. Appendix A. Appendix B.